is.Qident function to iteratively explore the attribute hierarchy, along with its corresponding S3 methods.att.hierarchy function to test the identifiability of the Q-matrix, along with its corresponding S3 methods.sim.data function can randomly generate data with hierarchical structures.CDM function can perform parameter estimation that incorporates hierarchical structures.get.beta, get.PVAF, get.R2 and get.priority functions can perform parameter estimation that incorporates hierarchical structures.validation function will be computed in parallel when the method is set to “Wlad”, “beta”, or “MLR-B”.MLR-B accepts alpha.level.fit.fit class, which provides comprehensive S3 methods.etract.etract is compatible with the etract function in the GDINA package.i = 1 for the Hull plot.get.beta, get.priority, get.PVAF, and get.R2.summary method has been added for the CDM, simData, and validation classes.plot method has been added for the CDM and simData classes.updata method has been added for the CDM, simData, and validation classes.Wald.Beta, Priority, PVAF, and R2 to be consistent with the original Q matrix.method = 'beta'.eps = 'logit'.CDM, simData and validation classes defined in the package to offer better interaction for users.validation function has been changed when not using the iterative process.method = 'Wald'.method = 'beta'.GDI, Hull, and beta.DESCRIPTION field.beta (β) method, has been added.Wald now includes the SSA search method and the item.level iteration level.GDI predicted by logistic regression (Najera et al., 2019).iter.level = 'item'.validation function.sim.Q function.get.Rmatrix for calculating the restriction matrix.get.priority for calculating the priority of attribute.Wald.test for calculating the Wald test.SSA search for the Hull method.plot.Hull for the Hull plot.Wald method with the following updates: 1. If the search method is stepwise or forward, it will call the Qval function from the GDINA package. 2. If the search method is PAA, the search will follow the PAA. 3. The information matrix used is the full information matrix, implemented by the internal function inverse_crossprod from the GDINA package.getQRR, getVRR, getTPR, getTNR, getUSR, and getOSR to zQRR, zVRR, zTPR, zTNR, zUSR, and zOSR, respectively.